by Jason AnkenyProducing a slim but groundbreaking body of work possessed of a truly musical sensibility typically lacking from the tape constructions of his contemporaries, Tod Dockstader was among Americas foremost composers of musique concrète, creating electronic soundscapes informed by genuine drama and mystery. Born May 22, 1932 in St. Paul, Minnesota, Dockstader spent his childhood enamoured of radio broadcasts, intrigued not only by the popular programs of the era but also the static and noise separating stations on the dial. In time he turned to producing his own ham radio broadcasts, and while a graduate student at the University of Minnesota he studied film and painting, funding his education by drawing cartoons for local newspapers and magazines.In 1955 Dockstader relocated to Hollywood, where he was hired as an apprentice film editor at Terrytoons Animation, working alongside future luminaries such as cartoonist Jules Feiffer and director Ralph Bakshi. He soon graduated to writing and storyboarding his own cartoons, earning renown for his The FreezeYum Story before relocating to New York in 1958, where he landed a job as an assistant recording engineer at Gotham Recording studios. There Dockstader began collecting interesting sounds, in his off-hours assembling his earliest musique concrète projects. The end result was 1960s Eight Pieces, his first major work; shortly thereafter Gotham purchased its first stereo Ampex recorder, allowing Dockstader to revise piece No. 8 for his first stereo project, Traveling Music.On May 20, 1961, New Yorks WQXR broadcast the world premiere of Traveling Music on a program also featuring Edgard Varèses Poeme electronique. That year proved a remarkably productive period in Dockstaders development, as he completed two major works, Luna Park and Apocalypse. (Two Fragments from Apocalypse, also from 1961, consists of a large chunk edited from the latter.) His creations at this time reflect his increasing mastery of the studio and its endless possibilities, making use of techniques including tape-echo antiphony, channel delay, placement and panning; best labelled as organized sound, Dockstaders radical construction and manipulation of audio fragments eschew the harmony and rhythm which typically define music, yet their flow, balance and spatial dynamics suggest an artistry far beyond the noisy experiments of his peers.Revolutionary projects like 1962s Drone and 1963s Water Music followed, and by the time Dockstader completed his masterpiece, 1964s 46-minute epic Quatermass, he had accumulated a sound library of about 300,000 feet of tape equalling 125 hours of source material. A year later, however, his career in musique concrète essentially came to a halt with the test-generator piece Four Telemetry Tapes — soon after, Dockstader left his engineering position at Gotham to work as an audio-visual designer at the Air Canada Pavilion at the 1967 Montreal Expo, where he crafted dozens of soundtracks while shooting thousands of slide photographs as well as a film. Concurrently, he also wrote music and book criticism for the Electronic Music Review and the Musical Quarterly.Around this same time, the Owl Records label issued three LPs of Dockstader material which were reviewed favorably in a number of national publications, earning him the widest recognition of his career. The exposure, however, proved fruitless — without his Gotham job he was no longer able to access the technology necessary to continue his sound experiments, and without the proper academic background he was denied grants and shut out of electronic music facilities, rejected by the Columbia-Princeton Center among others. The end result was that Dockstader returned full-time to his audio-visual work, in the years to follow writing and producing hundreds of educational filmstrips and videos for schools. His music long out-of-print, it was finally reissued to great acclaim during the early 80s, becoming a seminal influence on the electronic artists of the following decade.